PAPER  I

SECTION A

1. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each: (20 x 3 = 60)

(a) “The advent of the concept of “roll back of the state” since the nineteen eighties has been altering the role of public administration but certainly not diminishing its central place in human society.” Discuss

(b) “Weberian model of bureaucracy lacks empirical validity when applied to modern democratic administration.” Examine.

(c) “The new public administration (NPM) is an incarnation of a new model of public sector management in response of the challenge of liberalization, international competitiveness and technological changes”. Explain.

(d) ‘Citizen’s charter’ is the most important innovation in the context of promotion of customer-orientation of administration”. Discuss.

2. Give an account of major landmarks in the growth of the discipline of public administration in the 20th century. What are the possible trends in its growth in the first decades of 21st century? (60)

3. Account for the increasing corruption in administration. Suggest remedies to curb administrative corruption. (60)

4. What is morale? State its significance and suggest methods to foster and sustain morale in an organization. (60)

SECTION B

5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each: (20 x 3 = 60)

(a) “Organization today seems to invest in information and information systems, but their investments often do not seem to make sense”. Comment.

(b) “development administration has two important aspects viz. ‘the administration of development and the development of administration’. Explain.

(c) “training is practical education in any profession, not only to improve skills but also to develop attitudes and scheme of values necessary for effective performance.” Elaborate.

(d) “Legislative controls over finances are inadequate and incomplete.” Comment.

6. Examine the needs adn facets of administrative reforms in the fast changing scenario of the 21st century. What are the obstacles to administrative reforms? Give suggestion to overcome them. (60)

7. Comment on the role of public administration in policy making and its implementation. What are the other factors influencing the policy process? (60)

8. What are the various institutional devices available for the redressal of citizen’s grievances against the excess and malfunctioning of administration? How successful have they been (60).

PAPER II

Time Allowed : Three Hours                                                                                                 Maximum Marks : 300

Candidates should attempt question 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each section.  All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION – A

1. Comment on any three of the following in not more than 200 words each: (3 x 20 = 60)

(a) “The Arthashastra is India’s oldest complete text on public administration”.

(b) “Though india emerged as a sovereign state after independence, the administrative system remained the same as was during the British period”.

(c) “Despite all the powers that he has, the Indian prime minister cannot become a dictator.

(d) “district collector has increasingly become multi dimensional”.

2. “Looking back to our past experience, the fear that the emergency provisions can be misused have at times proved right and wrong at other times. Discuss with examples. (60)

3. (a) “Article 163 makes the governor the sole judge in matters in which he is required to act in his discretion.” Explain.

(b) “It is at the district level that the common man comes into direct contact with the administration.” Elucidate. (30 x 2 = 60)

4. “The steady expansion and the gradual decline of the public sector has been one of the most conspicuous development in post-independence india.  Discuss this statement and suggest measures to arrest the decline of the public sector in india (60)

SECTION – B

5. Comment on any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:

(a) “The size of the leviathan goes on expanding, despite the country’s recent commitment to downsizing or rightsizing”.

(b) “Questions represent a powerful technique of parliament control over expenditure”.

(c) ” A distinctive feature of the indian administration, since independence, has been the noticeable efforts under taken to make administrative system effectively reach and respond to citizen’s grievances.”

d. “Indian planning is highly centralized.”

6. “In-service training of officers belonging to higher civil services has been perhaps the most conspicuous development in indian administration.” Discuss with reference to raining designed for the indian administrative service officers.

7. (a) “Criminalization of politics in india has been extended to politicization of criminals. Comment.

(b) “NGOs are fast replacing the government in the implementation of a large number of programs.” Elucidate.

8. “Information technology, if properly used, can bring about sweeping changes in the nature of governance in india.” Discuss the current status and future possibilities about the use of information technology in the governance of india.

Public Administration – 2000 (Main) (Paper – I)

SECTION  ‘A’

Q. 1.  Comment on any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :

(a) “Administrative efficiency is enhanced by keeping at a minimum the number of organizational levels through which a matter must pass before it is acted upon.” – (Herbert A. Simon) 20

(b) “A science of administration would be a body of for mal statements describing invariant relationships between measurable objects, units, or elements. Unquestionably, administrative research has produced definite precepts and hypotheses that are applicable to concrete situations.” – (Fritz Morstein Marx)  20

(c) … “a more thorough consideration leads to the understanding that communication, authority, specialisation and purpose are all aspects comprehended in coordination.”- (Chester I. Barnard)  20

(d) “Political environment conditions administrative system.” – (F. W Riggs) 20

Q. 2. “… The paradigms of public administration may be understood in terms of locus an focus.”  -  Golembiewski

In the light of the above statement describe the “five-paradigms” of Nicholas Henry about the evolution of the discipline of public administration. 60

Q. 3. “Information constitutes the life-blood of the functioning of organization.” In the light of this statement, explain the utility and importance of communication in decision-making. 60

Q. 4. What opportunities are available to All India Services and state services in career development ? Do you agree that days of generalists in modern administrative state are
numbered ?  60

SECTION `B’

Q. 5. Write short notes on any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :

(a) Budget as an instrument of socio-economic transformation. 20

(b) Judicial control over administration in India and concept of judicial activism. 20

(c) Effectiveness and utility of Central and State Administrative Tribunals. 20

(b) Work study and work-measurement in Indian Administration. 20

Q.6. Give reasons for the failure of Government of India to introduce the performance programme budgetary technique in Union Ministries. What type of budgetary system is being currently practised in India and why ? 60

Q. 7. “The weakest aspect of Indian Administrative System is utter disregard of accountability.” Examine the current mechanism for enforcing accountability. What steps are necessary to make it more effective ? 60

Q. 8. Critically examine the approach and methodology adopted by Fred W. Riggs in his study of prismatic and sala societies. What is valid-content of Raj Krishna’s criticism of refraction ? 60

Public Administration – 2000 (Main) (Paper – II)

Time Allowed : Three Hours
Maximum Marks : 300
INSTRUCTIONS
Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English.
Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No mark will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.
Candidates should attempt questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any THREE of the remaining questions selecting at least ONE question from each Section.
All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION  ‘A’

Q. 1.  Comment on any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :

(a) “The period of British rule generated most of the structural and behavioural values of Indian Administration not by imitation but through interaction.”

(b) “Though the dictatorship of the Cabinet is a stark reality in modern times, it does not mean that the Cabinet is omnipotent.”

(c) “National Development Council, it seems, is like a super-Cabinet.”

(d) “Indian Constitution confers vast legislative powers on the President.”

Q. 2. “Among several other problems, the Problem of financial relationship is perhaps the most complex one.” Explain in the context of recent developments in Union-State relations in India.

Q. 3. (a) “The leadership qualities of a civil servant are tested most during his tenure as the Cabinet Secretary – a dream-post for even-bureaucrat.- Elucidate.

(b) “All India Services play a crucial unifying role in the whole administrative system of the country.” Explain.

Q.4. Discuss the major problems of management and working of Public Sector Undertakings in India. Give suggestions in the light of liberalization policy to improve their performance.

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5. Comment on any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :

(a) “Maintenance of law and order is a State subject but the Union Government can deploy armed forces in any State.”

(b) “Most administrative reforms have a political cost.”

(c) “It is a major challenge to balance the role of District Collector with the powers of democratic bodies.”

(d) “A middle way- should be worked out to utilize the services of both generalists and specialists for the national development.”

Q. 6. Do you think that our administration is sensitive to public grievances ? Discuss the existing grievances redressal mechanism and give suggestions for enhancing its capabilities.

Q. 7. (a) “Reservation policy and its implementation has had some positive impact in relative terms on the socio-economic development of the SCs and STs but it is very meagre in absolute terms. Comment.

(b) “In the Chief Secretary, the State Government has an officer whose counterpart does not obtain in the Union Government.’ Elucidate.

Q. 8. Do you agree that globalization, liberalization and privatization policies are going to change the very fabric of Indian Administration ? What, according to you, are the major challenges before it in the 21st century ?

1. Indian Administration – Ramesh K. Arora & Rajni Goyal.
2. Indian Administration – S.R. Maheswari.
3. Administrative Theory – Avasti & Avasti
4. Public Administration – Avasti & Maheswari.
5. Administrative Thinkers – R. Prasad and Prasad.
6. Administrative Thinkers – S.R. Maheswari.
7. Public Administration – Sadan and Sharma
8. Local Government – S.R. Maheswari.
9. New Horizons of Public Administration – Mohit Bhattacharya.
10. Public Administration Theory and concepts – Rumki Basu
11. Public Administration (Manual) – Laxmikanth.
12. Indian Constitution – D.D. Basup (or) Pandey.
13. Public Administration and Public Affairs – Nicholas Henry.
14. Modern Public Administration – Nigro and Nigro.

(Paper – I)

Time Allowed : Three Hours
Maximum Marks : 300

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION -A
1. Comment on any three of the following  in not more than 200 words each :
(a) “The scope of administration is determined by the scope of government functions which is decided politically.”

(b) “Communication holds the organisation together.”

(c) “Headquarter and Field relationships determine the tenor of implementation of programmes.”

(d) ” ‘Consensus’ and ‘Unanimity’ are used as styles in decision- making.”

2. Why is it that the behavioural approach to the study of organisations is a continuous phenomenon ? Discuss Chester Barnard’s contributions to this approach.

3. (a) Differentiate between managerial and functional aspects of co-ordination. How is co-ordination achieved ?

(b) “The themes developed at 1988 MINNOWBROOK conference (20 years after the first conference) largely focus on the current and future visions in the field of public administration”. Elucidate.

4. “Public Personnel Administration is concerned with a number of functions”. Elaborate. Why are PROCUREMENT and DEVELOPMENT functions important ?

SECTION-B
5. Comment on any three of the following in not more then 200 words each :
(a) “Budget is a tool which serves many purposes”.

(b) “Executive control over administration is much more real”.

(c) ” Administrative Law in the modem governmental system is inevitable’.

(d) “Policy implementation in Less Developed Countries needs to be effective”.

6. “Work study succeeds because it is systematic in investigating a problem and also in developing a solution for it”. Explain. Also discuss the components of Work Study and their usefulness.

7. (a) What are the objectives of Development Administration ? Also examine the demands DA. places on the structure and practice of administration.

(b) ” As long as the study of public administration is not comparative, claim for a ’science of public administration’ sounds rather hollow”. Explain.

8. ” All policy-making is decision-making, but all decision-making is not policy-making”. Elaborate. How does a policy emanate and what course does policy-making in government follow?

Public Administration – 1998 (Main) (Paper – II)

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION – A
1. Comment on any three of the following in not more than 200 word each :
(a) “Kautilya’s Arhashastra has significant relevance to the contemporary Indian administration.”

(b) Art. 78 of the Constitution confers Executive Power on the President.”

(c) “Central Services are more ‘All-India’ in character than are the All-India Services.”

(d) “State and district planning bodies in India have bot been effective in achieving their goals.”

2. It is argued that the recruitment and training of All India and Central Services have not kept pace with the changing needs and time. Give suggestions for improving these proocesses in order to make administrators more effective, committed and honest.

3. (a) “Indian public enterprises are neither adequately ‘public’ nor truly ‘enterprising’.” Comment.

(b) “The Indian Constitution considerably influences the nature, role and structure of Indian administration.” Elucidate.

4. Explain the role and structure of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India. What are the challenges being faced by this Ministry ?
Give suggestions for enhancing the capacity of this organization to meet these challenges.

SECTION – B
5. Comment on any THREE of the following in not more than 200 words each :-
(a) “The success of administrative reforms in a country like India depends upon political as well as administrative will.”

(b) “Rural development programmes in India suffer from lack of coordination and a sound appraisal system.”

(c) “Corruption is more of an environmental than an administrative problem.”

(d) “CAG should be watch-dog and not a blood-hound.”

6. In tune with the winds of administrative change blowing throughout the world, the Indian administration has also taken certain noticeable initiatives in administrative restructuring in the nineteen nineties. What are these initiatives and how effective have they been ?

7. Do you think that the Indian police legislation. structure, technology, altitudes and behaviour are appropriate: to meet the law and order problems in the country ? What fundamental changes would you suggest in these realms to make the Central and the State police forces more effective in their role-performance?

8. “The State Finance Commission under Panchayat Raj Law is designed to ensure regional balance in the distribution of State and Central Funds.” Comment.

1. Introduction : Meaning, scope and significance. Evolution and status of the discipline. Comparative Public Administration and Development Administration. Public and Private Administration: State versus market debate. New Pubic Administration. New Public Management perspective.
2. Basic concepts and principles : Organization, hierarchy, Unity of command, Span of control, Authority and Responsibility, Co-ordination, Centralization and Decentralization, Delegation, Supervision, Line and Staff.
3. Theories of Administration : Scientific Management (Taylor and the Scientific Managment Movement), Classical Theory (Fayol, Urwick, Gulick and others) Bureaucratic Theory (Weber and his critics). Ideas of Mary Parker Follett and C.I. Barnard; Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others). Behavioral Approach, Systems approach.
4. Administrative Behaviour : Decision making with special reference to H. Simon, communication and control, leadership theories. Theories of motivation (Maslow and Herzberg)
5. Accountability and Control : The concepts of Accountability and control : Legislative, executive and judicial control. Citizen and Administration: Role of civil society, peoples participation and Right to Information.
6. Administrative Systems : Comparative administrative features of USA, Great Britain, France and Japan.
7. Personnel Administration : Role of Civil Service in developing societies; position classification, Recuritment, Training, Promotion, Pay and Service conditions. Relations with the Political Executive; Administrative Ethics.
8. Financial Administration : Budget: Concepts and forms. Formulation and execution of budget, deficit financing and public debt, Accounts and Audit.
9. Union Government and Administration in India. British legacy : Constitutional context of Indian Administration; The President, Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers; Central Secretariat; Cabinet Secretariat, Prime Ministers Office, Planning Commission; Finance Commission; Election Commission; Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. Public enterprises: Patterns, role performance and impact of liberalization.
10. Civil Services in India : Recruitment to All India and Central Services. Union Public Service Commission; Training of Civil Servants. Generalists and Specialists. Minister-Civil Servant relationship.
11. State and District Administration : Governor, Chief Minister, Secretariat, Chief Secretary, Directorates, District Collector: changing role.
12. Local Government : Panchayati Raj and Urban local Government: Main features, structures, finances and problem areas. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendements. Public Administration Syllabus for Main Examination
Paper-I
Administrative theory

Section-A
I Introduction : Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration, Public and Private Administration, Wilsons vision of Public Administration, Evolution of the discipline and its present status. New Public Administration. Public choice approach and New Public Management perspective. Features of Entrepreneurial Government, Good Governance : concept and application.
II Theories of Administration : Nature and typologies; Scientific Management (Taylor and the Scientific Management Movement), Classical Theory (Fayol, Urwick, Gulick and others), Bureaucratic Theory. (Marxist view, Webers model and its critique, post-Weberian developments.) Ideas of Mary Parker Follett and (C.I. Barnard) Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and and others). Behavioral Approach to Organizational Analysis. Participative Management; (McGregor, Likert and others). The Systems Approach; Open and closed systems.
III Structure of public organisations : Typologies of Political Executive and their functions. Forms of public organizations : Ministries and Departments : Corporations; Companies, Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc and Advisory bodies. Headquarters and field relationships.
IV Administrative Behaviour : Decision making with special reference to Herbert Simon, Theories of Leadership, Communication, Morale, Motivation (Maslow and Herzberg.)
V Accountability and Control : Concepts of Accountability and Control; Legislative Executive and Judicial Control over Administration. Citizen and Administration, Role of civil society, peoples participation, Right to information. Administrative corruption, machinery for redressal of citizens grievances. Citizens Charter.
VI Administrative Law : Meaning and significance. Delegated Legislation : Types, Advantages, Limitations, Safeguards, Administrative Tribunals : limitations and methods of ensuring effectiveness.

Section-B

VII Administrative Reforms : Meaning, process and obstacles. Techniques of administrative improvement : O and M; Work Study and Work Management, Information Technology.
VIII Comparative Public Administration : Meaning, nature and scope. Models of Comparative Public Administration : Bureaucratic and ecological.
IX Development Administration : Origin and purpose, Riggs Prismatic-Sala Model; Bureaucracy and Development; Changing profile of Development Administration; new directions in peoples self development and empowerment.
X Public Policy : Relevance of Policy making in Public Administration. Model of Policy-making Sectoral policies (e.g. Energy, Industries Education and Transport Policies) Process of Policy formulation, problems of implementation, feed-back and evaluation.
XI Personnel Administration : Objectives of Personnel Administration. Importance of human resource development. Recruitment, training, career development, position classification, discipline, Performance Appraisal, Promotion, Pay and Service Conditions; employer- employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism integrity and code of conduct.
XII Financial administration : Monetary and fiscal policies. Resource mobilisation : tax and non-tax sources. Public borrowings and public debt. Concepts and types of budget. Preparation and execution of the budget. Deficit financing Performance budgeting. Legislative control, Accounts and Audit.

Paper-II
Indian Administration

Section-A
1. Evolution of Indian Administration Kautilya, Mughal period, British legacy.
2. Constitutional framework value premises of the Constitution, Parliamentary democracy, federalism, Planning. Human Rights : National Human Rights Commission.
3. Union Government and Administration President Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Cabinet committees, Cabinet Secretariat, Prime Ministers Office, Central Secretariat, Ministries and Departments, Advisory Bodies, Boards and Commissions, Field Organizations.
4. State Government and Administration–Governor, Chief Minsiter, Council of Ministers, Chief Secretary, State Secretariat Directorates.
5. District Administration Changing role of the District Collector : Law and Order and Development Management. Relationship with functional departments. District administration and the Panchayati Raj institutions. Role and functions of the Sub-Divisional Officer.
6. Local Government : Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Government. Structures, Functions, finances. Main features of 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendements : Problems of implementation. Major rural and urban development programmes and their management.
7. Public Sector : Forms of public undertakings. Their contribution to the economy; problems of autonomy and accountability. Changing role of the Public Sector in the context of liberalisation.

Section-B

8 Public Services : All India Services Constitutional position , role and functions. Central Services : nature and functions. Union Public Service Commission. State Services and the State Public Service Commissions. Training in the changing context of governance.
9. Control of Public Expenditure. Parliamentary control Estimates Committee, Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Public Undertakings, Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Role of the Finance Ministry in monetary and fiscal policy area, co-ordination and economy in expenditure.
10. Administrative Reforms : Reforms since independence. Reports of the Administrative Reforms Commission, Problems of implementation.
11. Machinery for Planning : Role, composition and review of functions of the Planning Commission; Role of the National Development Council. Process of Plan formulation at Union and State levels. Decentralized planning.
12. Administration of Law and Order : Role of Central and State Agencies in maintenance of law and order. Criminalisation of politics and administration.
13. Welfare Administration : Machinery for welfare administration at the national and state levels. Central Social Welfare Board and the State, Social Welfare Boards. Special organizations for the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Welfare Programmes for women and children. Problems of child labor. Role of civil society.
14. Major issues in Indian Administration : problems of Centre-State Relations; Relationship between political and permanent Executives. Values in Public Service and Administrative Culture. Lok Pal and Lok Ayuktas. Development and environmental issues. Impact of information Technology on Public Administration. Indian Administration and Globalisation.

IAS MAIN – 2007
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Paper- I
Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 300
INSTRUCTIONS
Candidates should attempt all questions strictly in accordance with the instructions given under each
questions. The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.

SECTION A
1. Answer any three of the following questions is not more than 200 words each: 20×3=60
(a) “Public and Private Administrations are two species of the same genus, but they also have special values and
techniques of their own.” Comment.
(b) “Taylor’s scientific management ignored social and psychological factors.” Comment.
(c) “The distinction between line and staff is relative rather than absolute.” Discuss.
(d) “Delegated legislation is a necessary evil.” Examine.
2. Analyze McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y. Do you agree with the view that with every passing year,
McGregor’s message has become more relevant and more important ?Substantiate your answer.                                         60
3. What is meant by morale? There is a belief that “morale and productivity go hand in hand and higher the
morale, higher the productivity.” Do you agree? Substantiate.             60
4.’Right to information promotes transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority”.
Explain.

60
SECTION B
5. Answer any three of the following questions in not more than 200 words each: 20×3=60
(a) “People’s participation is crucial to development administration.” Comment.
(b) “Training is essential not only for efficiency and effectiveness but also for broadening the vision of the
employees.” Substantiate.
(c) “Not to be comparative is to be naively parochial” (Riggs). Comment.
(d) “Implementing a public policy is a process of discovering what works and what does not.” Examine.
6. Bring out the various techniques of 0 & M adopted in India to improve efficiency in administration.                                     60
7.”The widening gap in the emoluments of government employees versus the public sector corporations and
private sector employees has a strong bearing on the motivation and ability to work.” Comment.                                         60
8. What is performance budgeting? Bring out its merits, limitations and difficulties. 60

UPSC: IAS MAIN – 2007
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
INSTRUCTIONS
Candidates should attempt all questions strictly in accordance with the instructions given under each
questions. The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.
Paper- II

Section-A
1. Answer any three of tile following in not more than 200 words each:     20×3=60
(a) “Kautilya was not only the foremost politico-administrative thinker of ancient India but he was an advocate
and preacher of moral values too.” Comment.
(b) “Because of several judicial pronouncements, Governors in States are no longer viewed as agents of the
‘Party in Power’ at the Central level.” Evaluate.
(c) “The President of India acts like grandparent in a family. If younger generation does not follow his/her advice,
he/she is just unable to do anything.” Comment.
(d) “‘Memorandum of understanding scheme’ between govemment and public enterprise has forced public
undertakings to improve the overall performance.” Comment.
2. There is a separate Central Ministry or Department on each subject allocated to State List. Does it mean
supremacy of the Union Government or an emphasis on development administration? Analyze.                                         60
3.”73rd Constitutional Amendment has provided permanent structural framework to PRI’s resulting into silent
social revolution.” Comment.                             60
4.”The dispute between Secretariat and Directorate is the result of Generalist us Specialist controversy.”
Analyse.

60
SECTION-B
5.Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each:     20×3=60
(a) “The blame for our poor public sector performance can be laid on the way our bureaucracy is structured.”
Comment.
(b) ”Parliamentary Departmental Committees have played their role effectively in analyzing the demands for
grants.” Evaluate.
(c) ”In spite of having Constitutional status the District Planning Committee is not able to implement decentralised
planning due to centralized nature of economic planning.” Comment.
(d) “A well-designed module-based training for Civil Servants is the best way to achieve the goals of good
governance.” Analyse.
6.”If information is power, nothing can perhaps empower a citizen more than the secret and developmental
information held by various public authorities.” Analyse the merits and demerits of RTI Act, 2005 in the light of
this statement.                                     60
7. National Commission to review the working of the Constitution has suggested revolutionary changes in
administrative culture. Analyse its major recommendations on Civil Services and Administration.                                     60
8. (a) Critically analyse the functions and role of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment with regard to
development of disabled persons in India in not more than 200 words.         40
(b) Define Civil Society. Is it an effective organ to control administrative machinery? Comment.                                         10
(c) “Social (Welfare) Administration in India is witnessing specialization and faster expansion of its administrative
agencies.” Evaluate.                                     10